Fig 1: MSC-Exos and LPS-MSC-Exos alleviated DSS-induced colitis in vivo. (A) The appearance and length of the colon in mice were analyzed. (B) H&E staining of colonic pathological features in the mice. Scale bar: 100 or 25 μm. (C) A TUNEL assay was used to detect cell apoptosis in colonic tissue from the mice. Scale bar: 25 μm. (D) The concentrations of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, IL-17, and IL-18 were measured via ELISA. *P < 0.05 vs. the control group. #P < 0.05 vs. the DSS group. &P < 0.05 vs. the MSC-Exo group. n = 10 mice/group. MSC, mesenchymal stem cell; Exos, exosomes; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; DSS, dextran sodium sulfate.
Fig 2: Serum (A) IL-17 and (B) IL-4 determined by ELISA. Values are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. *P<0.05 compared with control group. Groups: 1, 50 µg HDM + 50 µg OVA + 15 µg LPS; 2, 50 µg HDM + 100 µg OVA + 15 µg LPS; 3, 100 µg HDM + 50 µg OVA + 15 µg LPS; 4, 100 µg HDM + 100 µg OVA + 15 µg LPS; control, saline only. HDM, house dust mite allergen; OVA, ovalbumin; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; IL, interleukin.
Fig 3: Interleukin (IL)-17 upregulates MCP-1 in mouse lung tissues via the p38 MAPK pathway. (A, D) Levels of mRNAs encoding p38 and MCP-1 in mouse lung tissues. (B) Concentration of MCP-1 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of mice. (C, E) Expression of p38 MAPK, phosphorylated (p)-p38 MAPK, and MCP-1 in mouse lung tissues. Data are shown as mean ± SD (n = 6). a P < 0.05 vs. CON group, c P < 0.05 vs. HTV. CON, non-ventilated mice; HTV, ventilated for 4 h with high tidal volume; anti-IL-17+HTV, treated with anti-IL-17 antibody and ventilated for 4 h with high tidal volume; rmIL-17+HTV, treated with rmIL-17 and ventilated for 4 h with high tidal volume.
Fig 4: Exosomal miR-181a attenuated DSS-induced injury in vivo. (A) The appearance and length of the colon in mice were analyzed. (B) H&E staining of colonic pathological features in the mice. Scale bar: 100 or 25 μm. (C) The concentrations of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, IL-17, and IL-18 in serum were measured via ELISA. (D) MPO activity in colon tissue was measured via ELISA. (E) Western blotting was used to detect the expression of the tight junction proteins Claudin-1 and ZO-1. *P < 0.05 vs. the control. #P < 0.05 vs. the DSS group. &P < 0.05 vs. the MSC-con group. n = 10 mice/group. DSS, dextran sodium sulfate; MPO, myeloperoxidase.
Fig 5: Immunohistochemical staining for IL-17A. (A-E) Representative immunohistochemical staining images for IL-17A in lung tissues of mice in (A) Control and groups (B) 1, (C) 2, (D) 3 and (E) 4 (magnification, ×40). (F) Histological IL-17A expression scoring. Values are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. *P<0.05, **P<0.01 compared with control group; #P<0.05 compared with groups 1–3. Groups: 1, 50 µg HDM + 50 µg OVA + 15 µg LPS; 2, 50 µg HDM + 100 µg OVA + 15 µg LPS; 3, 100 µg HDM + 50 µg OVA + 15 µg LPS; 4, 100 µg HDM + 100 µg OVA + 15 µg LPS; control, saline only. HDM, house dust mite allergen; OVA, ovalbumin; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; IL, interleukin.
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